Subject: SMML23/02/99VOL465 Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1999 23:44:42 +1100 shipmodels@tac.com.au -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS INDEX 1: Re: Soviet modern warship models 2: Something of Interest...... 3: Re: IJN paint colors 4: Re: Straightening Warped Models 5: Re: Soviet modern warship models 6: Re: Ironclad. 7: Dahlgren naval gun model 8: soc float planes 9: Re: TIRPITZ Colors 10: Re: IJN Yamato 11: H.M.S. FURY 12: Accurate Plans 13: Re: International reply coupons 14: 1/350th scale figure sizes 15: What's this Ship? 16: Survey 17: Clan MacCorquodale 18: Re: Was BISMARCK Yellow? 19: Tamiya Fletcher upgrade set 20: Re: ACW FLAGS AND COLORS 21: Re: Soviet modern warship models 22: USN Battleship propellers 23: modern .50-caliber/25mm guns in 1/350 24: Yorktown Exhibit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD INDEX 1: Revell Tanney 2: wanted, 1/700 kits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: "Sheridan, John" Subject: Re: Soviet modern warship models >> Soviet warships are a topic that rises and falls. For years only the Aurora MOSCOW was available in 1/600 scale. It's to released this year by Airfix. The Japanese firm of PITROAD/SKYWAVE has produced in 1/700 scale the following: 1. Krivak I +II class 2. Soverrmeny class Destroyer 3. Udaloy class Destroyer 4. Complete weapons set 5. Echo II class sub Also the company of Aoshima produced in 1/700 the 2 carriers of the Kiev class: KIEV and MINSK. I don't if they are still in production but there are lot of modeler's who still have them in storage in the closet so ask around. << Don't forget that Blue Water Navy carries 1/350th scale Russian Submarines: BN-35021 Russian Alfa class SSN BN-35022 Russian Sierra class SSN BN-35026 Russian Akula class SSN BN-35046 Russian Victor III SSN BN-35047 Russian Kilo SS sub John Sheridan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: Robert Vancel Subject: Something of Interest...... GHOSTLY SOUND OF TITANIC'S VOICE HEARD The voice of the Titanic is more feeble than it was nearly 90 years ago. But that hasn't diminished its power. On Saturday, nearly 100,000 people jammed into a square near the old Union Depot in St. Paul, Minnesota, and listened intently for a sound out of the deep. On the cold, sunny afternoon, the Titanic whistle, not heard since the ocean liner sank after a collision with an iceberg in 1912, blew through the square in two 10-second blasts. After the blasts, set two minutes apart, the crowds burst into cheers and whistles. 'Like a foghorn' .... http://cnn.com/US/9902/21/titanic.whistle/ From CNN Headline ENews. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) From: SHIPMDLR@aol.com Subject: Re: IJN paint colors >> Not too familiar with Japanese Navy colors. Any info would be greatly appreciated. Look forward to any responses I can get. << I just received the Snyder and Short IJN color paint chips from Pacific Front Hobbies. They are very well done and there were a number of colors I wasn't aware of. You can't go wrong using this sheet for IJN ships. Rusty White Flagship Models Inc. http://www.okclive.com/flagship/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) From: "Sheridan, John" Subject: Re: Straightening Warped Models >> What, y'all don't just break out the mud bug pot and light up the ole propane burner? It doesn't take long to get the 4 gallons or so of water hot, and since resin hulls don't take up much room, you might as well throw in some crab boil seasonings, some new potatoes, onions, garlic, coarsely chopped carrots and a couple a dozen mud bugs. Saves having to fill those nasty holes left by the rod, too.. << I straighten out my smaller resin parts whenever I make Grilled cheese sandwiches. I get the big frypan and add some butter. Then I put two cheese sandwiches ( I use *only* yellow American Cheese and *not* that Orange stuff....bleah!) and the resin parts requiring fixing into the pan on medium heat. Then I add soup cans to the sandwiches and all of the parts in order to press everything nice and flat. When the sandwiches are nice and browned, I remove everything and serve!. Sometimes the resin parts will melt onto the sandwiches and part their own special flavor into the cheese. Whenever this happens, my wife always asks what I do to make boring old grilled cheese into a lip-smacking taste sensation! I just wink and tell her it's my special *secret* receipe. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) From: Gordon Hogg Subject: Re: Soviet modern warship models I was prompted by the brief Soviet ship discussion to ask the following of our membership: What would have been the deck color of the heavy (7.1" guns) cruiser KIROV in the 1950s and 1960s? This is the Italian-designed cruiser built in the 1930s, not the latter-day quasi-nuclear "battle cruiser" of the same name. Any ideas or speculations gratefully received, as always. Many thanks! Gordon Hogg Lexington, Kentucky USA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) From: CaptainOD@aol.com Subject: Re: Ironclad. When I was in graduate school, I did several papers on the Monitor and then built two 1/72 models of her for other graduate courses. Part of the research I was doing was the strength of the metals used in her construction. And of course part of this is how she was/might have been prepared for service. One of the things I found at least as far as the original ship was that it was considered that the metals might have been treated with what is called "Lamp Black" which for those old enough to remember stoves that burned wood is a paste like covering, think of it like shoe polish, that was rubbed on stoves to prevent rusting and to give a "uniform" coloring. The best I can describe it as is a purple-blue black depending on how the light strikes it, the quality of the casting and the temper of the metal. When I painted my monitors, I used various shades of dark gray, mixed with purples, blues, and black to try and get the effect. And of course, nobody is sure if it wasn't also painted in sections. A lot of conjecture in this as paint was considered expensive then, the ship was rushed to service, Lamp paste was a common item, although both methods had drawbacks. Another suggestion was a metal dye similar to gun blue, but in my research, nobody could find a conclusive answer. My best bet unless otherwise known such as grays used in the South, is extremely dark gray blended with the other colors, and drybrushed with rust. As for the wood, most of that may have been creasoted, which again if you are old enough to remember, is an oily black/blue rot preventive liquid which was very common in the marine industry and later in use on telegraph and fence poles, but now considered toxic. Shelac and other finishes would most likely only been used on bright work, which especially in the South, was probably not a factor considering the time frame and condition of construction. Bob O'Donovan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) From: BSteinIPMS@aol.com Subject: Dahlgren naval gun model For those of you interested in the naval aspects of the American Civil War or just happen to like ordnance, this month's issue of FineScale Modeler carries an advertisement by VLS (URL: http:///www.vis-vp.com) on page 27 which you may have some interest in. There is a color photo of a resin cast model of a Dahlgren 11 inch naval gun on a traversing carriage placed on a wooden deck. This is in 54mm scale, appears to be highly detailed, and retails for $52.95 U.S. I suppose it's inevitable that someday someone will build the ship model designed to accommodate a battery of these. He'd better start while he's young! Bob Steinbrunn Minneapolis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8) From: "Caribbean Sun" Subject: soc float planes Does any one know of a kit of the soc seagull float plane in both 700th and 350th scale? Am building several cruisers and am not really a scratch builder. any help appreciated. Susan @ Caribbeansun@caribbeansun.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9) From: John Snyder Subject: Re: TIRPITZ Colors With a little luck, we'll have a DKM paint chips set out later this year.... John Snyder Snyder & Short Enterprises The Paint Guys -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10) From: "chenyangzhang" Subject: Re: IJN Yamato Ron Try Skulski's Anatomy of the Ship - Battleship Yamato. This will contain all the prototype imformation you need. Chris Langtree -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11) From: Norman Alfred Sells Subject: H.M.S. FURY Hi, As a new reader I am interested in aquiring any information/photos/plans etc of HMS FURY. She was a Royal Navy destroyer of the 'Fearless' or 'F' class built by Whites of Cowes (Isle of Wight. UK). Launched 10th Sept 1934 she was the vessel that tok the Duke of Windsor from England (Portsmouth) to France following his abdication as King. During WW 11 she served on many convoy escort duties in the Mediterranean and to Russia. Having taken part in the gunfire support of the D Day landings on 6 June 1944 she was disabled during a storm 15 days later. Having dragged her anchor she struck a mine and was subseqently beached on the French coast, finally being scrapped as a constructive total loss. Although no model kits of this type have been made I did some years ago remember seeing a plastic kit of the similar 'H' class destroyer (Hotspur, Haveock, Hasty etc. Does anyone out there have any knowledge of this kit, is it still available and where ? Any assistance gratefully appreciated........ Norman SELLS Tenterden. Kent. UK. Hi Norman, The kit you refer to is Airfix's HMS Hotspur in 1/600. Now this has been OOP for at laest 15-20 years AFAIK. This makes it fairly rare. There's also Matchbox'x HMS Kelly which is also fairly rare. Your best bet would be to try Kingkit(Malcolm's email is down the list), WEM, Pacific Front, etc & as much as I hate to say it Ebay. Just be careful not to go too crazy on Ebay. Shane -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12) From: "Jim Macneil" Subject: Accurate Plans Hi all. Tell me does anyone know were I can get my hands on some accurate plans of Royal Navy battleships? As it is I'm having a great deal of difficulties finding more than basic side ons. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks Jim -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13) From: Malcolm Subject: Re: International reply coupons Just to clarify. IRCS raise when sold the cheapest airmail stamp in the country they are surrendered in regardless of cost in the issuing country. In the UK they raise 30p each but if I wanted to buy them here they cost (I think) 79p each. Malcolm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14) From: SJantscher@aol.com Subject: 1/350th scale figure sizes Hi All, Starting with the caveat that I hope I'm not throwing bombs, I have a question about 1/350th scale naval figures. I have a set from both WEM and another from GMM. Now with all due respect, the WEM set is significantly larger (taller) than the GMM, by a minimum of a half a mm, and generally a whole mm or more. The GMM set looks like a bunch of boys next to the WEM example. Has anybody else noticed this? May I dare ask, which is correct for a "normal" USN & RN sailor. I measure the average GMM size at just reaching 5mm, while the WEM men stand on average 6mm. I read a 5mm man at a scale 5 foot 10 inches, while 6mm scales out to about 7 feet. Again, has anybody else noticed this? Steve Jantscher PS- While I haven't been to England, I dare say their Navy men can't all be 7 foot tall (I thought those were saved for the Royal Marines). As a one to one scale retired Naval officer (USN type), I come out a little closer to GMM, at 5 foot,10.5 inches. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15) From: crofoot@bfm.org (Crofoot, Christopher) Subject: What's this Ship? Dear SMMLies, Could anybody point me in the right direction to find info online about the ship my Grandfather served on in WWI. It was the USS Prometheus... the only info I have is that it may have been a troop ferry. It might also have been a civil registered ship crewed by Navy personnel. I've looked at official US NAvy sites and came up empty. Any ideas? Chris Crofoot -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16) From: Robert Weilacher Subject: Survey Dear Friends, Results of Survey: first choice = 3 pts. second choice = 2 pts. third choice = 1 pts. There were 15 responses, with one response containing only a first choice, and one response containing a fourth, fifth and sixth choice (the choices after the third were not considered). The results (scale/year/subject): 600/1935/Normandie 5 pts. (2 responses) 700/1944/Texas BB 5 pts. (2 responses) 700/1944/Nevada BB 4 pts. (2 responses) 600/1914/RMS Aquitania 4 pts. (2 responses) 350/1944/Baltimore CA 4 pts. (2 responses) 350/1999/Nimitz CVN 3 pts. (2 responses) 350/1942/Brooklyn Class CL 3 pts. 700/1942/Witchita CA 3 pts. 350/1941/Nagato BB 3 pts. 700/1918/HMS Lion 3 pts. 1250/1943/HMS London 3 pts. 700/WWII/HMS Vanguard 3 pts. 350/1999/Super Tanker 3 pts. 350/1930's/Omaha CL 3 pts. 700/WWII/R-Class 3 pts. 700/?/Kirov 3 pts. 350/1970/Gearing FRAM DD 2 pts. 700/1943/Santee CVL 2 pts. 350/1942/Soryu,Hiryu CV 2 pts. 700/1930/Langley CV 2 pts. 700/WWII/HMS Resolution BB 2 pts. 700/1941/Houston CA 2 pts. 350/1970's/Knox FF 2 pts. 700/1942/Sangamon CVL 2 pts. 350/1944/Essex CV 2 pts. 600/1959/Rotterdam 2 pts. 700/1980's/Iowa 2 pts. 700/1944/Arkansas BB 1 pts. 350/1944/California BB 1 pts. 700/1916/DKM Ofstriesland 1 pts. 700/WWII/Colony Class 1 pts. 350/?/Atlantic Liner 1 pts. 700/1945/Baltimore CA 1 pts. 350/1960's/Sherman DDG 1 pts. 600/1940/Queen Elizabeth I 1 pts. 350/1944/South Dakota BB 1 pts. 700/WWII to present/Amphibs 1 pts. I should note the following: 1. Some of the above entries may represent the same class of ship and I was not familiar enough with them to know. 2. I think the overall # of responses was low. 3. Some of the requested kits already exist. Thanks, Rob -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17) From: "Ian MacCorquodale" Subject: Clan MacCorquodale Hi SMML'ies, I have a posting for a rather obscure ship in either Royal Navy Service or Royal Australian Navy service around 1914. The ship was called Clan MacCorquodale and she was some sort of troop carrier. Any Information on her would be most appreciated. Mac maccdale@hotmail.com http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/9089/ Mac's Navy Links (Photo reference page) Hiya Mac, I just had a look thru my references on the RAN & couldn't find any reference to the Clan MacCorquodale. I would assume the Clan Line would come under the RFA & therefore would be in RN service. Shane Who has been wrong before :-) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18) From: John Snyder Subject: Re: Was BISMARCK Yellow? Well, once more, here's my take on the subject: In September 1940, then-LCDR Joseph H. Wellings, USN, was serving in a staff position in Washington, D.C. under RADM Leary and CAPT Willis A. Lee (later of Guadalcanal fame in command of WASHINGTON and SOUTH DAKOTA when they sank the KIRISHIMA). Wellings was about to take command of a Pacific Fleet DD when he was recalled and sent to England, ostensibly to serve with the Naval Attache in London. In fact, he was deputed to share technical information with the RN and upon arrival was posted to Scapa Flow. He served in a variety of ships from DDs to BBs, including the HOOD. He was finally returning home in May 1941 aboard the BB NELSON when the BISMARCK breakout occurred, and thus he was a witness to the kill of the German battleship. In 1983 the Naval War College published _On His Majecty's Service_, an account of Wellings' experiences based on his official and personal diaries, and on his letters home to his wife. All of it is very interesting reading. It is his account of the BISMARCK sinking however, that proved of greatest interest to me. Remember that during the first strike from ARK ROYAL the Swordfish crews mistakenly attacked SHEFFIELD. Remember too, that BISMARCK expected to be within range of Luftwaffe support the next day, and that the Luftwaffe was known by the DKM to be not too good on ship identification. Thus, both sides had concerns about accurate aerial identification. On page 231 of his book, Wellings records 'Naval Messages received in HMS RODNEY, 0900-2400 27 May 1941'. And here lies [in my mind, since it's based on primary source material and not memories that are now nearly 60 years old] the answer to the debate, for at 0920 GMT that date, the Admiralty transmitted the following message to Commander in Chief, Home Fleet: "Roof of BISMARCK turrets and gun shields painted bright yellow." That message could only have been based on eyewitness information, either from Swordfish pilots who had hit her, or from the Catalina crew that had found her. The Admiralty, knowing that the area would be full of ships, obviously wanted no recurrence of the SHEFFIELD incident. For the researcher who wants to track this further [you folks over there in the UK], there is probably a signal TO the Admiralty from ARK ROYAL, or a sighting report from the Catalina, that would give the basis of the Admiralty signal. In MY mind the matter is settled: the tops of main battery turrets, and secondary gun houses were painted in bright yellow, at least during the last 2 days of the ship's life. John Snyder Snyder & Short Enterprises -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19) From: ECammeron@aol.com Subject: Tamiya Fletcher upgrade set I would like to hear from anyone who has used the Square Bridge Conversion Set from Tom's Modelworks to convert a Tamiya Fletcher to the late war version. I'm just about ready to try one and would like to know any inside tips. Eugene Cammeron -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20) From: "Ray Lagomasino" Subject: Re: ACW FLAGS AND COLORS For Jon and Malcolm, who were inquiring about ACW flags and colors: Flags: - Ensigns: According to "The Flags of the Confederacy, An Illustrated History", by Devereaux D. Cannon Jr., the naval ensign was the same as the Confederacy's national flag. Hence, the first naval ensign was the "Stars and Bars" --red/white/red horizontal stripes or bars of equal width, with a canton (or union) roughly a square equalling 2/3's of the flags width. The canton was blue with eleven stars arranged in a circle. The "Stars and Bars" was authorized from 04 March 1861 to 01 May 1863. On 26 May 1863, Stephen Mallory, the CSN SECNAV, passed regulations adopting the "Stainless Banner" as the new naval ensign. This book provides no explantion to cover what ensign was used between 02-25 May 1863. The "Stainless Banner" was a new national flag adopted to avoid confusion between the "Stars and Bars" and the Union "Stars and Stripes". The "Stainless Banner" was a white flag with a canton incorporating the St Andrews cross battle flag. This flag was in effect until 04 March 1865. The last ensign was similar to the "Stainless Banner", but incorporated a veritical red stripe opposite of the canton--giving the flag more color and avoiding the appearance of an all white '"surrender" flag. - Jacks: The first naval jack was the same as the canton on the "Stars and Bars". Its authorized use tracked the same as the naval ensign. The last naval ensign, adopted 26 May 1863 was the same as the Confederate battle flag (St Andrews cross)/canton on the "Stainless Banner". On another question regarding the jack--most contemporary drawings I have in my references do not show the jack while underway. Naval colors: Most of my knowledge (other than references) on that matter comes from talking to Mr. Robert Holcombe, the Director/Curator of the Woodruff Museum of Civil War Naval History (WMCWNH), located in Columbus GA (2 hours southwest of Atlanta). Regarding the CSN, Mr. Holcombe believes (based on the research of many Civil War naval historians, to include himself) that some, if not most, of the ironclads were painted in some shade of gray. For example: -- CSS Manassas: WMCWNH had a waterline model painted light gray. However, based on other references black may be more realistic. The bottom of the hull was either painted red oxide or treated with pitch, giving an uneven dark (black to burnt umber) appearance. -- CSS VIRGINIA: Black hull, copper plated bottom (the black hull color extended below the true waterline). WMCWNH centerpiece model is a incredible 1/48 scale model of VIRGINIA. -- CSS ARKANSAS: The most intriguing. She was describe as "a chocolate color" and "the color of the river". Possibly with black hull bottom. -- Charleston based ships/boats, to include PALMETTO STATE, CHICORA, CHARLESTON, DAVID class TB's, and some blockade runners, were painted in a light blue/gray (more on the blue side than gray). HL HUNLEY was either light blue/gray or black (if she's ever salvaged, that question may be answered). The ironclad's hull bottoms were possibly black. -- CSS ATLANTA: medium gray. What shade? Your guess is as good as mine. Personally, I'll stick with a more neutral shade. Bottom of hull is red oxide. See Warship International No. 4, 1995 for an extensive article on ATLANTA by Mr. William Emerson. His beautiful model is on display at WMCWNH. -- CSS ALBEMARLE: Light gray hull, black lower hull. -- late war ironclads, to include TENNESSEE were possibly gray/light gray. Since the CSN's records went up in smoke (along with a good portion of Richmond VA), its tough to find documented references on the subject of ship colors (if indeed any were kept). Of note, naval artist Tom Freeman has done many Civil War era paintings. Two that I have seen show ARKANSAS and TENNESSEE in an overall "rust" color. Tom Freeman is very respected by many for historical accuracy. So what is the right answer? Tough question--I'm personally going with what I learned at WMCWNH (however, on MANASSAS my perference is black). But really, other than painting them in a WWII USN dazzle camouflage or polka dots, who's going to tell your wrong -- go with what you feel is right based on your own research (e.g. black, gray, iron, rust). If anybody questions your shade of "1863 Charleston light blue gray", tell'em to lay off the java and get on Prozac. That is, of course, until Synder and Short come out with the ACW naval color chips (just kidding John and Randy). For the Union Navy, it appears most ironclads were black, with red oxide bottom hulls. The one possible exception being USS NEW IRONSIDES painted in a medium to dark gray. Malcolm, hopefully someone will come out with a kit of HMS WARRIOR (won't be much debate her colors). Hope this helps. Good luck y'all Ray Lagomasino Lawrenceville GA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21) From: "Dave Pearce" Subject: Re: Soviet modern warship models Dear Puis In addition to the kits mentioned by Craig Bennett, Dragon have done the Nanuchka and Tarantul corvettes in plastic and HP Models offer the Kirov in resin. Gold Medal models also do a photetched set of radars etc. I would recommend the following books: Slava, Udaloy and Sovremenny (good colour references) Steve Zagola Concord Publications Soviet Warships John Jordan Arms and Armour Press Warships of the Soviet Navy Captain John Moore RN Janes Also check out the last two editions of Navismagazine.com, they have photo tours of a Nieustrashimyi and a Sovremenny. Dave Pearce -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22) From: Michael Connelley Subject: USN Battleship propellers Hello all: A quickie here for y'all. I'm (still) working on the USS Arizona, and I'd like to know which way the propellers turned so I can put propellers of the right pitch on the right side of the ship. I'm guessing the propellers on one side turned one way, and the other propellers on the other side turned the other way, but which way for which side I don't know. I guess I could flip a coin, but I'd rather have solid info. The one picture I have which shows the Arizona's propellers after she got the three bladed ones suggest the port propellers turned counterclockwise (as seen from behind the ship), but this cannot be said for sure since the photo isn't the greatest. Naturally, any help will be greatly appreciated. Cheers Mike -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23) From: SWO77@aol.com Subject: modern .50-caliber/25mm guns in 1/350 For all, Part of the armament suite for a ship I am making (modern USN) consists of 4 .50-caliber guns (with shields) and one 25mm "Bushmaster" chain gun. Before I go about scratch-building these, are there any of either type available in 1/350 scale? The .50-cal. guns are rather small in this scale, but the 25mm would be noticeable. Perhaps there are some custom metal or photoetched sets out there that I am not aware of? Any leads to possible sources would be appreciated. TIA. Mike -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24) From: Bruce Buchner Subject: Yorktown Exhibit If you are in the Washington DC area during the month of February you may want to stop by the National Geographic Society's Explorers Hall and see their exhibit on Dr. Ballard's finding of the USS Yorktown (CV-5) last spring. They have film clips of the TV program that is scheduled for broadcast on TBS in mid April along with still photos. The only error I noticed was an identification of the quad 1.1 inch mount as a 40mm. The centerpiece is a 1/48th scale builders model of the Yorktown that is about 12 feet long. More info at their web site. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorer/index.html Bruce Buchner -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: "mkrumrey" Subject: Revell Tanney With all of the recent writings on the U.S. Coast Guard, my interest had been piqued. I am looking for a Revell Kit of the U.S.C.G. Roger B. Tanney. I had the kit once, but gave it to a retired Coastie, and am too sheepish to ask for it back. Will pay a reasonable price for it. Contact me off line if you have one for sale. Thanks Mark Krumrey New Richmond WI -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: Doug Subject: wanted, 1/700 kits Hi ALL, Excellent list and information for an avid model builder. I predominatly build 1/700 and am specifically looking for the IJN Shinano. I also am looking to add to my air arm any aircraft anyone would like to part with. THANKS for all the excellent information as you can "teach an old dog new tricks". btw we are drowning in Vancouver here, will this rain never stop??? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- End of Volume