Subject: SMML01/04/99VOL502 Date: Fri, 02 Apr 1999 00:43:11 +1000 shipmodels@tac.com.au -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS INDEX 1: USS Alabama Questions 2: Re: USS OKLAHOMA CITY 3: Re: 1/350 railing 4: Re: Anti skid pads 5: Re: Strombecker kits 6: Re: Metal kits allowed 7: Re: Virus. 8: Re: Strombecker Models 9: Flight deck markings 10: Skywave USN hulls 11: Re: Naval Books 12: Re: Camoflage book question 13: Skywave Fletcher hull 14: Re: Nowgorod painting again 15: Re: The Contest 16: Tamiya Fletcher camo 17: Titanic in 1/1200 scale? 18: 40mm guns for Fletchers 19: USS Radford photo in current USNI Proceedings 20: Modeling in the Kitchen 21: "flare" vs "sheer" 22: STROMBECKER AND OK CITY 23: A wee dram of single malt too much 24: Re: virus warning 25: Lee's Iowas 26: Re: Modelkrak kit in 1/700 27: Re: USS OKLAHOMA CITY 28: Backdating the Tamiya USS Enterprise CVN-65 29: Re: Super Tanker Kits 30: Painting 31: flare vs sheer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD INDEX 1: Skywave 1/700 I-400/401 Japanese subs 2: WTB -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: Humber Thomas T Cont Subject: USS Alabama Questions To all, When the Alabama was painted in Ms. 22, where her decks painted Deck Blue? Some of my references are a little fuzzy on the color of the horizontal surface colors, I'm getting conflicting reports. I think they were, but I just want to be sure. I just received the new On Deck: USS Alabama book. I am pleased with my initial inspection of the book. There are only one or two period color photos of the entire ship, though Almost all of the other color shots are current looks, but the photos taken are very good. Pictures only a ship modeler would love. (As my wife says, "They all look the same to me.") There are really nice color plates of the different camo she wore throughout her life, even her post-war Ms. 13. The book does show Alabama in Ms. 12 and makes no mention of the possibility of Ms. 15. Has this issue be resolved - definitively? Lastly, has anyone seen the Turner Publications book Battleship USS Alabama? It's kind of pricey and I do not want to dole out $60 if it's not worth it. (Man all of this research for a 1:700 scale model! But that's half the fun, right.) Thanks, Thom Where in Colorado spring has sprung, and we REALLY need those April Showers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: NAVYDAZE@aol.com Subject: Re: USS OKLAHOMA CITY There are some photos on the O.C.'s web site that show her taking some hits and sinking. Sad! I will miss her as I always would see her sitting in the bay on my way to Vallejo. She has been in mothballs so long that her paint was almost bleached white and it was easy to pick her out from the other ship. O.C.'s web sit is: http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/4648/index.html Mike Donegan NAVYDAZE Naval & Aviation Art -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) From: SHIPMDLR@aol.com Subject: Re: 1/350 railing >> I got a couple of very nice 1/350 ships for Christmas last, and now am finally getting around to put them together. But alas, I have no handrails in 1/350. Could someone please let me know who makes it and about how much comes in a set? << I make a set of rails and ladders in 1/200, 1/350 and 1/700 scales (shameless plug) that I sell separately. Let me know what kits you have and I may have detail sets to fit them. If I don't, I can recommend someone who does. You can see my entire product line at: http://www.okclive.com/flagship/ Rusty White Flagship Models Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) From: SHIPMDLR@aol.com Subject: Re: Anti skid pads >> Rusty asked about painted decks and the pads. The pads weren't painted over, but areas of deck covered wholesale with anti-skid coating were. << Thanks John, I'm working on a Fletcher (1/350 sorry guys) and I need those decals as soon as you have them ready. Put me down for two sets each scale. Let me know off line what the price will be and I'll give you my mailing address. Rusty White Flagship Models Inc. http://www.okclive.com/flagship/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) From: jeff millstein Subject: Re: Strombecker kits One of the writers was asking about Strombecker models. I have one of a CVE-Casablanca Class. I also have about another dozen solid hull kits from various manufacturers. Most of them are balsa and small...12-16". I am in the process of copying the plans, measuring the wooden pieces, and Xeroxing the printed-on-wood parts sheets. My intention is to be able to enlarge all this data at the local blueprint house to around the 20-24" range and build them, out of basswood. JM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) From: SHIPMDLR@aol.com Subject: Re: Metal kits allowed This has never come up in the ship categories but since metal figure are allowed, I'm sure metal ship kits are as well such as the 1/200 /1250 scales. I saw a 1/200 (I think) model of the USS Enterprise at a local show and it was exquisite! I'm talking full A/C wing and the whole nine yards. I spent a fair amount of time looking that one over. I would like to see a lot more of these kits show up. How about you micro modelers out there get together and bring a batch of them to the US Nats this year? This would be a great new category for ships at the US Nationals but they need to show up in sufficient numbers each year before we can justify it. Right now, I can't remember seeing but a few in the past. After each US nationals we (the Contest Committee) get together and make suggestions as to improving the contest and yes, whether to add or delete categories. For instance, there have been a steady number of the small scale aircraft entries over the last three years and chances are pretty good a category for them is likely in the future. It will take 2 to 4 years of consistent numbers, but if they keep showing up I'll push as hard as I can for a new category. Change comes slow but it does come. Rusty White Head Ship Judge IPMS(USA) Nationals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) From: Robert Vancel Subject: Re: Virus. Ha. And people wonder why I use Juno... No attatchments = No virii. Not that I'm gloating or anything. I'm not. No, really. Hollywood/nWMo -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8) From: ECammeron@aol.com Subject: Re: Strombecker Models Regarding John Burch's question on the Strombecker Models - I remember a Buckley DE, a TACOMA PF and the CVE GAMBIER BAY, a CASABLANCA Class CVE, not a COMMENCEMENT BAY Class. They were a good hard wood, not balsa, and pretty well shaped - sand and assemble. But minimal detail. Still, for the late 40's or early 50's, they were cool. Eugene Cammeron -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9) From: Darrell Cook Subject: Flight deck markings Can someone give me some ideas on how to handle the markings on the flight deck. I am doing the Revell Yorktown. Thanks -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10) From: "Alan Lindstrom" Subject: Skywave USN hulls While we're at it on the Skywave hulls, is the USS Cleveland ok? Alan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11) From: Growlrr@aol.com Subject: Re: Naval Books Hi Tom The Atlanta book is mine, Jeff Herne did the Fletcher book...Which hobby store in Canada did you see them in? We are trying to establish the line in Canada and I am curious as to who is showing the book around...By the way, the books retail for $25.00 plus shipping (US). Last time I checked, that equates to three or four thousand dollars Canadian... (I spent two years in Mississauga...still have my damn checking account up there since to close it out and exchange it would be akin to burning it). And they're 80 pages! At 60 pages I could get two done a year! But them I'd have to leave stuff out...The Flower book will be by John Lambert...I have had the opportunity to sneek a peek at some of his raw material...one word - WOW! Glenn -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12) From: Growlrr@aol.com Subject: Re: Camoflage book question I'll be happy to pass along the query to Alan Raven if he hasn't seen it already, but a word of caution...having recently finished writing a book for him and being pretty good friends (he says modestly), when Mr. Raven chooses to be caustic, (often, but never when uncalled for), I have seen resin return to its molten state at room temperature.... I remember him once commenting on a book something like "I have just finished reading this book and luckily I am in the bathroom, where I will soon be putting it behind me...." You've been warned! Glenn -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13) From: "Alan Lindstrom" Subject: Skywave Fletcher hull I just pulled out by Skywave Callaghan and it looks like its got a lot of shear too. What do you think? Alan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14) From: Damian Pliszka Subject: Re: Nowgorod painting again Hi, Yellow are not barrels but funnels. Black - hull and funnel tops. Besides all is OK. Damian Pliszka -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15) From: "Caroline Carter" Subject: Re: The Contest Well John, We beat you to it on this one!! First off, as you may know, the UK IPMS is where it all started and we have the biggest Nationals in the world.. less of a trade show than the US Nats with stands from IPMS clubs and SIGs from all over Europe, as well as traders and a 5,000 model competition plus thousands of models on the SIG stands. It is a totally spectacular event for the plastic modeller and makes the US IPMS Nationals look like a club meet by comparison (no offence guys.. we have thoroughly enjoyed ourselves on both visits to your event!!) First plug!! Second is that the UK IPMS already has the Cruiser SIG (run by Graham Walker who is a SMMLlie, and good mate.. we print and distribute the newsletter for him...also Nigel Denchfield's Battlship SIG, and Martin Hale who runs the aircraft Carrier SIG (also the FAA SIG etc..) >> award sponsored by Steve at the IPMS/USA nationals could be the Ship SIG special award (and for that matter, someone could sponsor a similar award at other national contests such as IPMS/UK (Caroline, are you listening?), << Third plug... 3 years ago, WEM decided, in the interest of boosting and attracting ship modellers 1. into the IPMS and 2. into competing, we decided to award a trophy to the best 1/700 to 1/350 Scale ship model at the event, and had Ian Ruscoe build us a trophy.. check out links below... The SIGs did the judging.. Year One, Peter Hall won it (!), Year 2 Jim Baumann won it.. it is open to any IPMS-er from anywhere in the world (except you have to come back next year to return it of course!!). http://whiteensignmodels.simplenet.com/trophy.jpg http://whiteensignmodels.simplenet.com/trophy1.jpg http://whiteensignmodels.simplenet.com/trophy2.jpg http://whiteensignmodels.simplenet.com/trophy3.jpg http://whiteensignmodels.simplenet.com/trophy4.jpg Interest HAS boomed in ship modelling in that time, and I like to think that we have played our part in this by making quality models available, affordable and winnable (!) over here. We are already gearing for the World IPMS Year 2000 Nationals over here in the U.K. This event has attendees from every IPMS branch in the world (the U.S. contingent alone already numbers over 200!) We have sorted our accomodation out for that and this year's event in October of both years and suggest others might want to do the same (contact me for further details..), else I might end up having to put up with John Snyder, Steve Wiper and Randy Short kipping on the floor of my room.. Cheers!! Caroline Carter White Ensign Models -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16) From: JVT7532@aol.com Subject: Tamiya Fletcher camo Hello to all, I really pull a boo boo here. Last week I took my camouflage sheet out of my 1/350 Tamiya Fletcher box to make a couple Photo copies to use as masks and somehow it has taken flight from my possession. I was wondering if someone would be kind enough to make me a copy, so I could make up a few more copies per my original plans. Thanks Jon Jon Theisen 7532 Lawndale Ave. Phila., PA 19111-2706 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17) From: "Myhrman" Subject: Titanic in 1/1200 scale? Hi all! I saw in the May issue of the Japanese magazine Moldel Art that Revell Germany is planning to release a 1/1200 scale Titanic in their Miniship series. Does anyone know any thing more regarding this? Is it an old or new mold? When will it be released (there were no dates in the magazine but a picture of the box art)? Best Regards Johan Myhrman Yokohama, where the cherry blossom is in full blom -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18) From: DKrakow105@aol.com Subject: 40mm guns for Fletchers I am thinking about completing my 1:700 scale Fletcher in time for the Nationals this year. What are my aftermarket parts options for the 40mm Bofors? Will WEM have their "Professional" 1:700 scale brass kit available anytime soon? Also what etched rass sets would be appropriate for other Fletcher details? Cheers Dave Krakow Frankfurt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19) From: "Edward F Grune" Subject: USS Radford photo in current USNI Proceedings Hello all: This is a follow-up of the list discussion from a short time ago regarding the collision of the USS Radford and the merchant ship Saudi Riyadh. The current issue of the US Naval Institute Proceedings (April, 1999) has a photo of the damage to the deck and forward 5" gun of the Radford. The text states that she is badly holed below the water line and that the damage will cost $65 (US) million to repair and she may have to be scrapped. There is also a pre-accident photo of the Radford during a July 1998 European deployment carrying the prototype Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensor (AEM/S) system. Ed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20) From: "Edward F Grune" Subject: Modeling in the Kitchen Duane: May I suggest that you bring a salad. Perhaps an enchanting blend of diced WEM and Classic Warships pieces, topped with a light vinagarette. You might also consider bringing along a container of Shane's favorite single malt scotch whiskey. Ed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21) From: "hugh1lottie2" Subject: "flare" vs "sheer" >> Another problem I noticed with the Skywave Gearing kit was the freeboard (I hope that's the right term) on the bow. The bow freeboard was way too extreme. Gearings and Sumners had very little curve from the deck to the keel while the Skywave kit had a very extreme curve. << Actually, I think the term you are searching for is "flare" and the Skywave Gearing and Sumner hulls do indeed have way to much of it. In reality, if we are talking about the same problem that most modelers find disturbing about the kits, the correct term is not ³flare² [A spreading outward.] the opposite of ³tumblehome² [The inward inclination of the sides of a ship above the waterline.] but it is ³sheer² [The longitudinal upward curve of the deck of a vessel when view from the side.]. Hugh L. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22) From: Baker Subject: STROMBECKER AND OK CITY Other Strombecker ship model kits (of which I constructed several of each as a small person) were a TACOMA-class frigate, the cruiser WICHITA, and a pre-WW-II destroyer (PORTER-class, if I recall correctly). I found one of the TACOMA kits recently at a military book show and bought it for a friend who collects Strombecker; alas, the price had risen by over thirty-fold since my hard-earned allowance, saved over several weeks, could purchase a Strombecker ship kit for around a dollar in the late 1940s. Someone asked about the OKLAHOMA CITY. She went to the bottom on 24 March as the victim of a single German wire-guided SUT torpedo from a South Korean Type 109 submarine. This was a shock to the assembled watchers, as it had been planned to use her for Harpoon shots and other attacks later in the joint exercise. The South Koreans, however, are truly pleased over the performance of their submarine. An underkeel explosion from a modern heavyweight torpedo will sink all but the newest surface combatant designs. Even the vaunted IOWA class battleships, designed long before anyone ever thought that torpedoes might be designed to go off underneath, lack any significant defense against the dreaded underkeel bubble. Anway, OK CITY, per the press reports, went down in about eight minutes. 7th Fleet is said to have a number of photos of the event on a website, but the address I was given earlier today proved erroneous. If anyone is interested, I'll report on the correct address if and when received. Now there's only one CLEVELAND hull left, on exhibit at that most nautical of U.S. cities, Buffalo, New York. Cheers/A.D. Baker, III -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23) From: "Doremus, Mark" Subject: A wee dram of single malt too much Folks, Sometime in the last month or so someone wrote in asking about photos of the "GQ Johnny", USS Johnston DD-557, lost at the Battle off Samar. Perhaps I imagined it, or a wee dram too much has fogged my memory, but I can't find it now. Did somebody write in and did anybody find any photos? All I can find (in 2 locations) is a picture just after completion, 27 Oct 43. Is there any information on how she was fitted or painted at or before the Battle off Samar? If Dr. Ballard has after pictures, I'd like to see those too. Mark -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24) From: Louis Costanzo Subject: Re: virus warning I want to thank Jon for helping me with this. I haven't seen any adverse affects on my computer, and I assert that I did not of course originate this virus. I advise everyone to update their virus programs, as mine did not detect it. I will pass along any information I get. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25) From: "F J Hueso" Subject: Lee's Iowas First of all, I'm grateful to Felix as he included my review in IMM. And as a novice I must apologise for at least an omission: as Joe Reyna pointed out, there's no Harpoon onboard. But these kits are an interesting and cheap alternative. BTW AS I can see here in Spain, Lee is reissuing other kits from Tamiya, at least in the military vehicle arena( Hummers, Bradleys...) So maybe we can expect some Tamiya-like ships. (Maybe that mysterious 1/350 motorised Yamato is an advance?) Also, for those interested in USS Enterprise in Detail & Scale, it's listed in Floating Drydock's Catalog 25. If I can confirm that I'll pas to you. And now go ahead for the SMML Milennium! Regards Javier Madrid (Were weather comes and goes,yesterday cold, today hot, tomorrow rain...) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26) From: Bill Gruner Subject: Re: Modelkrak kit in 1/700 We have in the stock the new 1/700 Modelkrak (Poland) resin kit of "Tatsuta 1903-Protected Cruiser", but is a minor problem...the late 1880s Modelkrak kit of Tatsuta shows up OK in 2 references as a "Torpedo gunboat" (in Jentschura-Jung-Mickel, also in Kaijinsha's Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels 1869-1945), but the later Tatsuta is a mystery. I could only find a couple of vessels of very similar appearance in these references (Niitaka and Tsushima, p.101 of the first reference), but nothing with the secondary side barbettes missing as does the "Tatsuta" model, and nothing named Tatsuta. Another Tatsuta does not show up until the light cruiser of the WW 1 era/1916 program. So what do we have here? Possibly a captured Russian protected cruiser? If anybody has some information on this, please let me know. Thanks, Bill Gruner http://www.pacificfront.com I response to my own inquiry to SMML just an hour ago, I found the answer to the I.D of the Modelkrak "Tatsuta 1903". (I had mentioned I couldn't find this ship in my references). Had I read the text for the torpedo gunboat Tatsuta in the Jentschura book, I would have seen that it was re-boilered in 1903 and 3 funnels added to alter the appearance; so it is the same ship at a later date with a different appearance. It was also re-armed in 1905. Bill Gruner http://www.pacificfront.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27) From: Darren Scannell Subject: Re: USS OKLAHOMA CITY >> For your information, the USS Oklahoma City has been towed to 75 miles off Guam as the target ship for a Naval Gunfire exercise by ships from at least 5 nations. It is a former flagship, was in Tokyo bay during surrender ceremonies, and saw action during Viet Nam firnig missles at enemy radar sites earning a Navy Unit Citation. She served as the Flagship out of Yokosuka Japan. << The S.M.N. news group reported her sunk by a Korean Sub the other day. Magnetic Torp under the keel broke her in two. Caused some embarrassment for the US brass as they were expecting to get a few more shots out of the ship. Korea was only the second of five? countries that were lined up to shoot. Darren Scannell -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28) From: "joseph w. reyna" Subject: Backdating the Tamiya USS Enterprise CVN-65 Greetings fellow shipwrights (and shipwright-ettes......?), Does anyone in SMML-land know of an after-market kit to backfit the TAMIYA USS ENTERPRISE 1/350 scale CVN-65 kit to her pre-refit configuration ("Beehive" ECM on island superstructure, additional ECM antennae, earlier-model BPDMS launchers, etc.)? Such a kit would facilitate a great-looking side-by-side "before and after" display of the Big "E". I realize that you can do this using the 1/400 scale OTAKI/ARII/LEE kits of the pre- and post-refit ENTERPRISE, but I was hoping that a 1/350 scale would also be feasible. Any help out there? Joe (You say "YAMATO", I say "ENTERPRISE-O") Reyna -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29) From: Rick Heinbaugh Subject: Re: Super Tanker Kits >> I believe Imex put out two or three super tankers a couple of years back in some odd scale. I can't remember since this is not my area of modeling but I saw them in the Squadron Mail Order supplement so I would check with them. << Actually, the Imex ships were not tankers, super- or otherwise. They were container ships of the self-sustaining variety (with their own cranes) and a Ro-Ro ship (Nedlloyd Rouen, I think). The Ro-Ro always struck me with ideas to convert into one of our current Maritime Pre-Positioning Ships. Still haven't checked the details, but it seems like a fun project. Those ships were 1/400 and 1/450 scale, (some of each), and there was a very modern-looking harbor tug (Smit Nederland) in 1/200 scale; a pretty nice kit. I still intend to build it and sit it by Heller's kit of , a 1/200 kit of a large ocean-going tug. The Imex kits were packaged and distributed in the USA by Imex. They had originally been manufactured in Japan by Imai. In the late '70s, Imai had out the Strathbrora, Strathcona, Strathardle, (all the same molds), Trinidad & something else starting with "T" from the same mold as Trinidad, all 1/400 scale, I think. I don't know if the Ro-Ro and other two recent ones were available in boxes from Imai or not. I think they were Nedlloyd Bahrain and Toyama. Neat looking large civilian ships, but definitely not tankers. Good luck looking for tankers. Rick -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30) FroFrom:PASO34@webtv.net (Andy Greer) Subject: Painting Hi everyone and glad to be aboard! My question concerns painting done by the U.S.N. First of all, can anyone tell me what colors you use to simulate the main colors used by the USN in World War II and what brands you use. Second, what colors and brands do you use to simulate the current paint scheme of USN vessels. Finally, what advice would you give with these paints for a novice non-airbrush user? Any assistance would be greatly appreciated and thanks in advance, "I'll never reach my destination if I never try so I will sail my vessel until the river runs dry" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ From:Cadman@kc.net (Timothy Dike) Subject: re: Painting There is a helpful page on the Warship website at: http://warship.simplenet.com/usnchips.htm that deals with USN WW2 camo. I prefer the the Polly Scale paints, though some mixing may be required to get the right shade. You might want to get the Snyder & Short Enterprises USN paint chip sets to help you get the colors right. I would also recommend getting an air brush to do the overall painting. You can brush on the smaller "dapple" patterns without brush strokes but they will probably show up on large flat surfaces. I usually start with the main color that the hull is painted and either mask off the part I want to keep of just brush the other color by hand. To get the hang of it I recommend starting with a ship that is painted in good old measure 21! I usually use an airbrush and shoot it straight down on the deck using "weathered" Deck Blue 20-B then with Navy Blue 5-N to shoot the vertical surfaces, being careful not to over spray the deck. That's it in a nutshell. Pick a ship to start with, decide what time frame you want to model. Research your subject, getting photo's if possible, and start painting. If you have trouble finding info on a particular ship, then just post here and out of all of us here, I'm sure at least one of us will have an answer. Good Luck Timothy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31) From: "hugh1lottie2" Subject: flare vs sheer >> Another problem I noticed with the Skywave Gearing kit was the freeboard (I hope that's the right term) on the bow. The bow freeboard was way too extreme. Gearings and Sumners had very little curve from the deck to the keel while the Skywave kit had a very extreme curve. << Actually, I think the term you are searching for is "flare" and the Skywave Gearing and Sumner hulls do indeed have way to much of it.² In reality, if we are talking about the same thing that most modelers have found wrong with the kit, the correct term is sheer [ the longitudinal upward curve of the deck when viewed from the side.] and not flare [ a spreading outward.] Hugh L. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: Bill Gruner Subject: Skywave 1/700 I-400/401 Japanese subs Skywave has announced the release of 1/700 scale plastic kit No.W-48 for April 1 (no foolin'); this is the long-awaited I-400 IJN Aircraft-carrying sub. It turns out it will actually be a "double kit", with I-400 and I-401. It is not clear at this time if it will be offered as 2 kits in the same box, so the modeler can build both subs, or one kit that can be built as either sub. As the retail price will be $25.00, it probably will be 2 kits in a box. We should have them in 2-3 weeks; RESERVE NOW! Thanks, Bill Gruner Pacific Front Hobbies http://www.pacificfront.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: FOP5@aol.com Subject: WTB Looking for models for sale Oceanliners, Carferries, Tug Boats, Cruise Ships. THe oceanliners of the past and present (QE-1) Andea Doria, etc. If you have models to purchase or information on these items. Please contact me at FOP5@aol.com Carmen -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- End of Volume