Subject: SMML VOL 1019 Date: Sun, 01 Oct 2000 23:16:56 +1000 shipmodels@tac.com.au -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS INDEX 1: Re: USS New England 2: Re: Is there a kit... 3: Re: Oriskany 4: Re: Essex Differences 5: The old "NAVY LOG" TV series? 6: Re: Fireplace mantles and ship models 7: Re: USS Eldridge (DE-173) 8: Re: Tamiya and 1/350 scale ships 9: Re: What are "Queens"? 10: Re: Teak Decks (was WARSPITE) 11: Re: USS ELDRIDGE 12: Ship parts.... 13: 1/350 Essex Class 14: Future "Wax" woes, etc 15: Warspite Decks 16: Re: USS Eldridge [DE-173] 17: Re: Saburo Sakai 18: Going to San Francisco 19: Outathebox Fletcher? 20: Warspite's Decks 21: Re: Russian Vosper MTB's 22: WW2 anecdote 23: Re: Problems with Future 24: Re: Warspite Decks 25: WAR MOVIES 26: Re: USS Nautilus 27: Re: PELTA 28: Re: USS Eldridge 29: essex class 30: Olympic games -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD INDEX 1: October Internet Modeler 2: Ships for sale or trade -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: CBNJBB62@aol.com Subject: Re: USS New England Hi Concerning the USS England story. The England was a DE along with 4 DE's and later an escort carrier group that went after in May 1944 an IJN submarine scout line of subs that was put across the central pacific as American intentions weren't clear. An invasion of the Marianas or the Carolinas Islands. Simply due to luck and teamwork that the England is credited with 6 subs in 12 days. Craig -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: Ives100@aol.com Subject: Re: Is there a kit... >> Is there a Revell kit of the Wilhelm Bauer - that Type XXI sub that was scuttled by the Kriegsmarine in May, '45 - then raised and put back into service as a test vehicle by the West German navy in '57? I know they make a Type XXI, but the Wilhelm Bauer has a different sail (among other modifications). I thought I remembered that Revell had kitted it (before I got a book on the Type XXI and decided to build one or two of the beasts). Any ideas? Sources of kits? Facts, figures, opinions? Hi Ned, Revell does a model of the Wilheim Bauer, but whether it's just a straight copy of their normal type XXI, I don't know. << I am almost certain that Shane is correct; Revell does not usually modify kits, just rename them. An example is the Lionfish kit (Lionfish was a Balao, with a very different conning tower), which started out as the Gato kit Growler, then became the Gato kit Flasher. Only change was in the box and decals. As you mentioned, The Wilhelm Baeur had a modified sail after she was raised. I have lots of Type XXI plans and pictures, if you are interested. There is also an excellent series of articles in back issues of "The SubCommittee Report" on correcting the Revell kit. There were several minor modifications to the Type XXI sail structures (freefloods, etc). The W. Baeur got an unusual set of large glass deadlights to form an enclosed navigation cockpit for surface running. BTW, the US Navy modified the sail on one of their war reparations Type XXIs, giving it a streamlined sloping trailing edge. Tom Dougherty -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) From: Ives100@aol.com Subject: Re: Oriskany >> In a manner of speaking Oriskany is already saved--in part. her antennas and escalator are now installed on Hornet, along with other detail bits. << Wow!!!! Kitbashing on a 1:1 scale! Tom Dougherty -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) From: "Ann Sinkankas" Subject: Re: Essex Differences Perhaps more problematic than simple hull length, the rake and flare of the bow was changed. Comparing photos of a long- and a short-hull Essex reveals that the long hull has a pronounced "clipper" bow which is not evident on the short hull. The difference is less than it appears because the changes included shortening the flight deck at the bow as well, to get (Guessing) about 40 feet of clear overhead space from the tip of the bow to the forward edge of the flight deck. Regards, GMS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) From: "David Miller" Subject: The old "NAVY LOG" TV series? It seems like almost all of the old TV shows have been reproduced on VHS or CD, yet I have never seen "Navy Log". Does anyone out there know if this series is available? I grew up watching this show and I can still whistle the theme song from the beginning (the end song was the Navy Hymn). This was produced about the same time as "Victory at Sea" and "The Big Picture", but probably preceeded those. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Dave Miller Palm Bay, FL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) From: SHIPMDLR@aol.com Subject: Re: Fireplace mantles and ship models I also have a mantle above my fireplace. I have often pictured my 1/350 Titanic sitting there (when I get it built someday). My question is, does anyone on this list have a plastic or resin model on their mantle? Obviously I mean on a mantle of a fireplace that is used. I have held off putting a model on mine due to the heat that rises up from the FP. Fireplaces (especially metal units) can put out tremendous heat and I was wondering what the effect of all that heat would be on rigging, metal PE parts etc. Lots of potential expanding and contracting could happen. Rusty White Flagship Models Inc. http://www.okclive.com/flagship/ Instant order online with Visa & Master card "Yeah I want Cheesy Poofs" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) From: "Glenn and Kelly Neklason" Subject: Re: USS Eldridge (DE-173) USS Eldridge (DE-173) a Cannon-Class Destroyer Escort, was built by Federal Shipbuilding in Newark, NJ and launched July 25, 1943. She was used in the "Philadelphia Experiment". Upon completion (?) of that experiment, she was returned to her wartime role. She was transferred to Greece in January, 1951 and renamed Leon. The last I'd heard, as of the mid '90's, she was in their mothball fleet. Glenn -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8) From: SHIPMDLR@aol.com Subject: Re: Tamiya and 1/350 scale ships >> If the bottom line for Tamiya (and the other Japanese manufacturers) is sales in Japan, why did they do the Fletcher and other US subjects such as the Enterprise? There's no way anyone will convince me that the Enterprise would outsell ANY of the Pearl Harbor Japanese carriers in Japan. << If overseas sales are such a small portion of Tamiya's profits, why haven't they made ANY of the Japanese Pearl Harbor carriers in 1/350? Are you trying to tell me that the 1/350 Bismarck/Tirpitz would outsell a 1/350 Shinano in Japan? PAAAAALEEEEEEZ! In my opinion, the 1/350 scale market is geared more to overseas sales, while the 1/700 scale market is geared toward the Japanese market. I have been told a number of times by my distributors in Japan and Korea that they are nuts over 1/700 scale in those countries. Rusty White Flagship Models Inc. http://www.okclive.com/flagship/ Instant order online with Visa & Master card "Yeah I want Cheesy Poofs" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9) From: "Caroline Carter" Subject: Re: What are "Queens"? Steve Wiper said: >> Well, here goes....... Tall, thin, hairy men who wear dresses, put on lipstick, and carry a purse, and are real good at singing show tunes! << Well... Steve, YOU should know :^)) LINK: STEVE IN A SHORT DRESS http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/xdt22/classic.jpg Best! Caroline Carter White Ensign Models -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10) From: "John Snyder" Subject: Re: Teak Decks (was WARSPITE) Larry Ouellette wrote: >> Give it back! Give it Back! So that was why you were sneaking around! Now I know why I tripped on the deck after SMMLiecon 2000! << Nah, you were just a bit tipsy coming back off liberty!! I know how you cruiser guys are--not at all like us destroyer-Navy types... >> Every former SALEM crewman who comes aboard says "The deck never looked like this when I was here!" << Absolutely correct. SALEM was a flagship and showboat. Her decks would have been kept holystoned and spotless. >> Your weathered sample from the un-named USN heavy cruiser would not be so dark in service. Unless the decks were not holystoned in wartime?? << Precisely! When you've got your crew at Action Stations (RN) or General Quarters (USN) for days on end, and then just performing ship's work and maintenance to keep the thing operable during long periods at sea, holystoning the decks was a practice that went by the wayside. In addition, you wouldn't want those nice bright decks attracting the wrong kind of attention from the air. Drab, dark, weathered teak (especially WET weathered teak) is almost as effective as grey paint. >> To get a proper match, grab a boiler brick, << Haven't missed that boiler brick yet, have you?!! Never turn your back during tours of the engineering spaces. Remember, I WAS a snipe during part of my Navy career.... >> some sand, some sea water, and get to work! << I'll work on a match for both weathered AND clean teak. John Snyder Snyder & Short Enterprises The Paint Guys http://www.shipcamouflage.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11) From: "John Snyder" Subject: Re: USS ELDRIDGE USS ELDRIDGE (DE-173) was a CANNON-class destroyer escort. She was launched at Newark, New Jersey on 25 July 1943 and commissioned on 27 August 1943. From January 1944 to early May 1945 she served on escort duty on convoys to the Med. In late May 1945 she transferred to the Pacific, where she made one ASW attack near Saipan. She arrived at Okinawa on 7 August 1945, and after the end of the war continued to serve in the area. She decommissioned on 15 January 1951, and was transferred to Greece. I'll leave it to others to direct you to the proper kit. The only DE's I know of are the old Revell 1/240 kit (still a good kit) and the various Skywave 1/700 kits. John Snyder Snyder & Short Enterprises The Paint Guys http://www.shipcamouflage.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12) From: "John Snyder" Subject: Ship parts.... Larry Ouelette wrote >> Give it back! Give it Back! So that was why you were sneaking around! Now I know why I tripped on the deck after SMMLiecon 2000! << Hmmmm...then I gather you haven't yet heard from the skipper of CONSTITUTION following my time aboard her with the SMMLiecon tour.... John Snyder Snyder & Short Enterprises The Parts...er..PAINT Guys http://www.shipcamouflage.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13) From: NEVENGER@aol.com Subject: 1/350 Essex Class OK every one is wondering about the problem of Tamiya selling enough of the kit to justify the mold. OK lets think about this. One of our fellow SMML writers took a guess of 10,000 models to break even. So how many hobby shops are Tamiya dealers in the US. Well, lets put it this way I counted about 628 cities in the US that have hobby shops that are Tamiya dealers (yes that took some time). I did not count how many dealers per city. So lets say you got 1 kit per city and then you get a couple of big companies that do Internet sales (I live near one that will do up to 400 kits of a ship before they do a printed sale, yes they told me this, and yes we are talking Tamiya warships as well as Heller). Now lets do some math... 1.25 kits per city =785, Two big Internet companies = 800 kits, and another 400 odds and ends places= about 2000 kits in the US. Put this another way and you have 20% of the break even on wave one in just the US. If you think I am nuts ask yourself how many is a minimum for a resin kit mold to be made and they are making them in WW2 carriers. OK Tamiya if you will not do it, I am sure ICM, Revell, or Heller will do it in about 1/400 or 1/350 scale. I do not want to hear about research with Tamiya. They already have the 5 inch, 40mm guns, 20 mm guns on their other kits already. All they need research is a hull, a basic deck, island and the planes. That should not be real hard considering how many ships were built and how basic the design is. As I said before lets bum bard Tamiya with what we want and if they do not want our money perhaps someone else will. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14) From: "Ron Hillsden" Subject: Future "Wax" woes, etc Don't knock yourselves out guys! Future is not a wax, it is an acrylic covering. I have an aerosol can (which is readily available at most places you buy paint - hardware, department, DYI, pharmacy and paint stores) of acrylic spray which is already ready for use, minimal clean-up etc. It does not say 'Future' on the label - just 'Acrylic'. Same stuff. It's thinner than the floor covering, which is a good thing. Ron Hillsden Victoria BC Canada Club: http://members.home.net/vmss/ Flags: http://members.home.net/ron-hillsden/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15) From: "chenyangzhang" Subject: Warspite Decks Hi All A USN heavy cruiser - what's that got to do with Warspite? Be very wary of comparing not like with not like. Plus we are talking about areas of several thousand square feet not a small block from a small area. The consistency that is visible in the photo would not be possible if it was just dirty teak. Caroline I think you've found one of those explanations which appeared on Call My Bluff (a popular British quiz programme which involved feeble explanations of the meaning of various unusual words and which ran some years back). The key photo is the one taken in Bremeton which no one has yet come up with any suitable explanation other than painted decks. Chris Langtree -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16) From: Roland Mar Subject: Re: USS Eldridge [DE-173] TO: Don Carner- USS Eldridge [DE-173] "Cannon Class" DET. 1240 t. 300 (wl) 306 (oa) x 36 1/2 x 8 3/4. 2 shaft diesel-electric, 21 kts. 3-3", 6-40mm, 3-21" TT. Transferred to Greece January 1951 as the LEON hth Roland Mar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17) From: Roland Mar Subject: Re: Saburo Sakai Long ago, soon after getting my first real library card, I encountered Sakai's book SAMURAI!. It impressed on this then youth that skill and bravery were not the sole possessions of any one side in war. I had a theoretical chance to meet him in 1995 and deeply regret not making the trip. Those of us who are of the boomer generation, especially those of us interested in military history [I assume pretty much all of us here] have had our lives influenced by the exploits of "the Greatest Generation", as they have been called. They are passing fast. Do not miss any chance that comes up to pay your respects, for it may not come again. Roland Mar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18) From: Ned Barnett Subject: Going to San Francisco Not that it could conceivably matter to anybody but me and my bride, but I'll be spending the next two weeks (starting Sunday, October 1) in SF (actually Emeryville) - and I'd like a few pointers on what to see and do. I know I plan to try to find and take in the Hornet the day I arrive, and I know that the full weekend I'll be there will be something called Fleet Week, with lotsa ships and an airshow (oh, drat - traffic will be impossible ). However, I'll have a rental car and some free evenings (I'll be working days at my new job, home-officed in Emeryville) and would like to take in after-hours nautical museums, hobby shops that cater to ship-modelers ... basically any place I can spend money while jonesing out on my long unrequited love-affair, the sea and things Nautical. Any suggestions? If so, please include directions from the bridge between the Embarcadero and the Oakland area (Oakland Bay Bridge?). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19) From: Ned Barnett Subject: Outathebox Fletcher? How good is the 1/350 Fletcher? Is it out-of-the-box good, or does it need lots of expensive goodies to make it good? I don't mind the buckos for the PE and resin after-market accessories, but I'm still a "virgin" in that area, and I don't want to screw up a great kit until I've practiced on something else - i.e., a smaller kit with fewer add-on needs. Since my larder is getting full-up with kits I'm squirreling away for when I get "better" with that stuff, I'm looking for a great out-of-the-box kit/model I can tackle to inaugurate my new hobby room, which is damned-near finished (the spray booth exhaust vent arrived yesterday). So, if Fletch isn't out-of-the-box good, what is? Ned -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20) From: "John Rule" Subject: Warspite's Decks Wow! Someone stirred the hornets' nest again. Instead of taking sides and floating all sorts of well meaning conjecture and photo interpretation, is there no-one out there who knows a member of the crew who might remember holy-stoning or alternatively painting the decks. That's how I found out that Malaya's decks were painted dark gray up to the time she sailed to New York for repairs after being torpedoed. During that trip the paint was removed and the decks were holy-stoned as the Captain wished to display a less war-like appearance. Ask all your friends and acquaintances and local Legion members in the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand for instance and see if anyone can turn anything up. Also try shipyard workers who worked on her. Go to it!!!!! Sincerely, John -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21) From: d gregory Subject: Re: Russian Vosper MTB's >> I recently bought the Revell Vosper MTB and discovered that the boat was built in the US and delivered to the soviet union. If there are any photos of these boats or information about there weapons (what kind of machine guns did they carry? US cal. 50 or russian guns??) and painting, I to would be glad to get them. << A kind individual from Germany sent me some pictures of Russian Vospers last year. The camouflage looks similar to the white/light blue/dark blue scheme used on the British Vospers. They do not appear to have radar masts. Dave -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22) From: "Norman C. Samish" Subject: WW2 anecdote >> Reminds me of a nightmare few days in July 1944 when HMS 'Howe' was steaming southwards at 15 knots down the Red Sea en route from Liverpool to Sydney, and we had a following northerly 15 m.p.h. breeze, hot from the desert and almost 100% relative humidity. At 47,000 tons we had been the biggest ship ever to get through the Suez Canal, though it took us two days and many groundings which damaged our boilers or condensors, so we spent some days at Port Taufiq to fix them, in baking heat that made our thick armoured hull into an oven. So we had to reverse course every four hours and spend 30 minutes ventilating the ship, clearing out the sulphurous funnel smoke that rose a few feet and then flowed down around our superstructure. It was too hot to sleep inside the ship, so the 1,000-plus crew slept on every scrap of deck space. In desperation, I slung a hammock between the centre 14-inch gun barrels of 'Y' quadruple turret - possibly a unique occurrence in the history of the Royal Navy - and had the first good night's sleep for a week. << Thanks for the story, Tony - it made a great read, and I can vividly picture the misery you and the crew were experiencing. I looked up HMS Howe at: http://worldbattleships.homestead.com/HOWE.html where there's a nice photo of it. Apparently it completed 8-mos. of refit a month before the time of your story. I didn't even know it had a quadruple turret. I hope to read more of your WW2 experiences. Norm Samish -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23) From: pugs99@att.net Subject: Re: Problems with Future Hi, Try using Windex as a solvent for Future...Many of us, especially quite a few folks on the WWI list, use Future with none of the problems that have been described here...There were some problems with aging in the old formula, but not in the new stuff...Also, check the pressure you are using. I use about 25-27psi and this works great. Future won't yellow with age like those so-called "clear" finishes that are out there. You can also add Tamiya Flat base to create a nice low-sheen finish. Don't go more than 50% Flat base as some have reported problems with that. I use Ceramcoat Matt Varnish for my flat finishes now as all of the solvent based stuff has yellowed with age. Only Polly S and Floquil has not yellowed with time. Adding a few drops of blue to solvent based clear flats has also seemed to work, especially over white or light grey. I wouldn't give up on Future so quickly! It also has the advantage of being inexpensive, at about $5 a bottle. Regards, John -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24) From: NAVYDAZE@aol.com Subject: Re: Warspite Decks John don't let Larry bother you about taking piece of the Teak deck for the Salem (that is if you did) I am part of the group to save the USS DES MOINES, as I understand it when they moved the SALEM some of the teak from DES MOINES was gone! So who knows you may have a piece of the DES MOINES instead Therefore you are NOT GUILTY! Mike NAVYDAZE Naval & Aviation Art -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25) From: "DUCKMAN" Subject: WAR MOVIES IS THERE A WAR MOVIE MADE IN THE 40's, 50's, OR 60's THAT WILLIAM BENDIX WASN'T IN? I'M SURPRISED HE MISSED McHALE'S NAVY. DAVID -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26) From: "DUCKMAN" Subject: U.S.S. ENGLAND IN HIS BOOK "I-BOAT CAPTAIN", THE AUTHOR, ZENJI ORITA, MAKES REFERENCE TO ENGLAND'S EXPLOITS. HIS VIEW IS THAT INFLEXIBILITY OF THE SUB SKIPPERS TO MOVE FROM AN ASSIGNED PATROL LINE, AND ENGLAND'S ADVANCE KNOWLEDGE OF THE LINE, LED TO THE SINKINGS. DAVID -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27) From: Ives100@aol.com Subject: Re: USS Nautilus From: "JODY KELM" >> was hoping someone could help me find a good quality model of the U.S. Navy submarine Nautilus, if one does exists. << Assuming you mean SSN 571, I just received the Combat Sub 1:350 scale resin kit. All I can say is, someone REALLY did their homework!! The hull is dead-on accurate when compared with the Jim Christley drawings in Friedman's "US Submarine Since 1945". Includes the water intakes and ballast tank openings at the bottom of the hull. Kit is in a new type of resin that I'm not familiar with; reminds me of a very hard styrene. There are white metal parts, but no photoetch with these kits. The conning tower has a double row of deadlights, so it's basically "as built 1954" representation. I took the kit for an hour's drive in my car down to Groton, CT, and took it out and compared it to the original 1:1 scale Nautilus. Pretty damn close! Even the 5 bladed propellers (now on display at the Nautilus) are represented. BTW, I also picked up another Combat Sub 1950's 1:350 submarine of note, the SSGN Halibut, complete with Regulus missile. I will post pictures of the models when I complete them on Warships' Homepage. If you want a good model of the WWII Nautilus, Nautilus Models makes a very good resin kit of this submarine in the configuration around the time of the Makin Island raid. Tom Dougherty -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28) From: Kerry Jang Subject: Re: PELTA I would believe the cheaper prices you see at this hobby shop. In 1996 I was in Poland (Warsaw) for a week and during that time I actually visited PELTA. It was just a few blocks from my hotel as it turned out. Its a two floor affair, books down and kits upstairs. The prices for the kits were amazing (50% - 75% off what we pay!!)!!! This applied only to the Eastern European made items. The price depended on the value of the zloty at the time. I bet the internet prices are much higher than his shop prices, but at this level, who cares?! I landed up buying a lot of paper ship models and some flat figures. Hope this helps, Kerry -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29) From: "GARY SCHURR" Subject: Re: USS Eldridge She was a DE, I believe Buckley, hull number DE-173, always a USN vessel. HTH Gary -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30) From: "S Sachsen" Subject: essex class >> Oh boy...Uh, without writing an entire book on the class, there are MAJOR differences between the short and long hulled ships, including length of the hull, length of the flight deck, gun positions, and, although not important to the modeler, a complete revamp of the forward compartments. ahhh...never mind, yea, they're all the same. << yeah, they're all different--that was the beauty of the class--each individual ship was unique, even in their mods, but they were also the same. it all comes down to just HOW accurate you want to make it, or is close enough okay? even at a large scale like 1/350, some of these dimensional differences all come out in milimeters, so why lose sleep over it? s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31) From: "larsenal" Subject: Olympic games Hello Lorna and Shane, This message is absolutely off topic, but all the Druel family wants to send you all our warmest congratulations for the Olympic Games organized by Australia. The President of the Olympic Comitee said that they were the best ever and he is right! (This is the common opinion in France) Thank you once again for all the emotion that held during these two weeks Best regards, Jacques Druel L'Arsenal -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: "Bob Pearson" Subject: October Internet Modeler Greetings all, The new Internet Modeler is now posted .. naval content consists of a build of the 1/700 Type 42 Batch 3; reviews of Alan Raven's Camouflage Volume One: Royal Navy 1939-1941 and Profile Morskie No.26: Le Terrible, Also a look at the WEM PE detail set for the ICM Konig/Grosser Kurfurst. Regards, Bob Pearson Managing Editor / Internet Modeler http://www.internetmodeler.com PS. . on the same theme as John Sheridan's quote from B5 .. here is my favourite .. Lyta to Sheridan after detonating some nukes among the alien fleets "Captain, they're pissed" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: Peter K. H. Mispelkamp Subject: Ships for sale or trade Hi gang: Since some SMML's have been kind enough to sell me at reasonable [read non-ebay! ;))] prices, I have decided to do the same. I have he following kits that are surplus to my needs: 1/424 Revell USS Pine Island 1/400 Soviet "S" class sub - original Russian kit - not the Encore copy 1/400 Soviet "L" class sub - original Russian kit - not the Encore copy 1/400 Soviet "D" class sub - original Russian kit - not the Encore copy. My wants: I will consider any 1/400 scale Warships or 1/700 or 1/720 KM WWII ships and would be willing to up in the ante by adding cash to the mix! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Check out the SMML site for backissues, Member's models & reference pictures at: http://www.smml.org.uk Check out the APMA site for an index of ship articles in the Reference section at: http://www.tac.com.au/~sljenkins/apma.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- End of Volume