Subject: SMML VOL 1128 Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2001 23:45:06 -0800 shipmodels@tac.com.au -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS INDEX 1: Orazio Curti Modelli Navali = Enzyklopaedie des Schiffsmodellbaus 2: Help with Skywave LST-2 kit 3: Re: Skytrex's HMS London a Quick Reveiw 4: Terminal Velocity 5: Where is an Edsall Class Model 6: Re: IJN Kaga Flight Deck Accessories 7: Jeanne D'Arc eh? 8: U.S.S. Essex 9: SS John W.Brown 10: Re: Atlantis kit? 11: Re: Atlantis kit? 12: Re: RN Submarine Losses in the Pacific Campaign 13: Re: Dreadnought Colours 14: GERMAN RAIDER ATLANTIS 15: Re: Atlantis model 16: Re: GERMAN RAIDER ATLANTIS 17: HMS Dreadnought- What color art thou? 18: Detail & Scale USS Enterprise CVN 65 19: Paul Webb's drawings 20: Re: Anyone seen these new books? 21: Re: Brass monkeys 22: HMS Dreadnought's Colour Scheme 23: Look what I got! 24: Re: shotguns 25: more books 26: HMAS Sydney Colours 27: HMS Dreadnought - What colour art thou? 28: Re: Kit of Hilfskreuzer ATLANTIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD INDEX 1: Items For Sale 2: eBay auction: Old Friends, New Enemies 3: High resolution poster of Japanese destroyer for sale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MODELLERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: Friedrich Kappes Subject: Orazio Curti Modelli Navali = Enzyklopaedie des Schiffsmodellbaus Some questions for owners of this book. There are some drawings I anīt identify, maybe somebody can help. - 10m motorlaunch of the Italian Navy: when in service? - 8,6m oar-boat - names of the ships in picture no. 35, 38, 42 - 120 gun ship, launched between 1760-1810, 3 galeries: names and figureheads please. - were Marlborough and Wellington sisterships? What were there figureheads? Friedrich The FriedrichFiles http://sites.netscape.net/friedkappes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: "Joao Andrade Guerra" Subject: Help with Skywave LST-2 kit Hello SMMLand: I need some help with the Skywave LST-2 kit (1:700 scale). There is a large bandstand (larger than the others) at the stern for a stern gun. Unfortunately the gun which is provided with the kit is just a plastic blob. I want to use a gun from the Skywave detail set for the USN but which gun should it be? A 5"/38, a 3" perhaps? Can anyone help? Thanks in advance. Joao Andrade Guerra Lisboa - PORTUGAL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) From: "Russell Smith" Subject: Re: Skytrex's HMS London a Quick Reveiw I received my London model only five days after ordering it. From Great Britain to upstate New York that's service. No shipping damage at all either. The amount of molded on detail is incredible! There is almost no cleanup of the parts or the hull needed. The x-braceing under the searchlights is molded in and looks pretty good. the 4" gun deck is molded on and has undercuts on the side into which the torpedo tubes are molded. This shouldn't be a problem as this area will be very dark when painted. The boats are molded on and are very nicely done. The bridge has some mold in detail a binnacle voice tubes, the 8 barrel pompoms, carley floats. These are are not quite as good as the WEM upgrade parts but are acceptable still. There are some minuses too however. First the anchors are not as well done as on the Berwick. The bollards look overscale and the capstans and thefunnel grids are simplistic. The crane too should be replaced with photoetched ones. It would have been nice if they had not molded the searchlight platforms on then you could have easily replaced the x-braceing with photoetched too. All of this is easliy correctable and shouldn't be any big deal though. The next could be a major problem for some people though. I sat this model down next to my WEM Sussex and Waveline's Dorchester and wow. The general shape of the stern is correct but it doesn't taper in rapidly enough so is, quite different looking. I measured the hull then and it is about 3/16" long and 1/8" wider than it should be according to my scale ruler. This doesn't sound like much till you realize that in this scale 1/8" is about 5'. You could file the stern down redrill the portholes and readd 8 hatches and some thin plastic strips for the strakes but at this price you shouldn't have to! Still, overall this is a good kit and if it is not setting right beside another in it's class you would in all likelyhood never notice that it is slightly overscale and misshaped. The bottom line? If you want a HMS London this is all we have and with an effort and some money you will have a decent if not fantastic model of her. That's my opinion. Sincerely; Russ Smith -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) From: "Nuno Andresen Portela" Subject: Terminal Velocity What can happen when you land your plane in an aircraft carrier under extreme conditions? Obvious, a sad story or a lucky end. For the second answer don't miss the article in this month issue of French magazine "Le Fana De L'Aviation" with a stunning article entitled "La naiscence du porte avions moderne" (Birth of modern aircraft carrier). If you know that sequence of a F8 Crusader crashing with the barrier of the USS Enterprise deck, just believe, you will think that is nothing compared to the pictures in this issue. Check for yourselves. I, for myself, gave Terminal Velocity a new defenition. Nuno Andresen Portela Portugal -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) From: "Ralph Batykefer" Subject: Where is an Edsall Class Model Hello Fellow SMMLies, A relative of mine served on the USS Vance DE387 which was an Edsall Class Destroyer. Does anyone make a model of this class of ship? What scales are there and what are the costs? Who sells them? He wants to build a model of his ship. Thanks ahead of time... IHS, Ralph -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) From: "Quan, MT Mike (5763)" Subject: Re: IJN Kaga Flight Deck Accessories Paul O'Reilly wrote: >> I have seen a photo of Kaga reportedly on her way to Hawaii for the Pearl Harbor attack. The ship is in heavy seas and pointed towards the camera so the view is directly down the flight deck. The shot is from a movie clip and the motion of the ship is quite apparent. At any rate, the after end of the flight deck has standing on it a large structure of undetermined utility. It consists of two pillars with a horizontal beam stretched between them at the top. It appears amazingly similar to the old spoilers that appeared on the back end of 70's muscle cars. Only Kaga had the structure. Can anyone guess what this structure is for? I'm curious as hell and I can't stand it anymore! << Hi Paul, This question was answered on the j-aircraft ship message board by T. Katsuta as follows: "I think I have the explanation to this "goal post" structure. According to Maru on "Carriers Hosho, Ryujo, Akagi, and Kaga", the rear most lift of the Kaga was "double decked", so that aircraft from two deck levels can be transferred at once. Therefore, when the bottom level of the lift is flush with the flight deck, the upper level will be considerably higher than the flight deck, giving the "goal post" effect. I could not find any info if this feature was seen on other lifts of the Kaga, or for that matter, on other IJN carriers." Apparently, Kaga had two levels of hangar deck, with the lowest level being used only for storage of 'spare' aircraft and parts since it was not the full length of the first hangar level. What the film depicts is the frontal aspect of the aft elevator in the "full up" position, connecting the flight deck with the elevator platform for the second hangar level. Hope this answers your question! cheers, Mike Quan Rockwall Texas PS - Thanks to Mr. Hassenpflug for the Skywave E11 and E12 translations from Japanese. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) From: "Ian MacCorquodale" Subject: Jeanne D'Arc eh? >> Now dat's a uniquely Canadian idea, eah, baseball on ice skates, eah? 8^) I assume you really meant the Montreal Expos. Now about this running water thing, is that only during the summer or what? << Thanks Mark, I was wondering if anyone would bite on that one! You have restored my Faith in my Brothers to the South! :-)) eah? You mean 'eh? Just picked up Heller's Jeanne D'Arc, anyone know of any good reviews? Cheers, Ian http://www.geocities.com/macrachael/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8) From: Puckhead93@aol.com Subject: U.S.S. Essex hey everybody, I just ordered the u.s.s. essex and I was wondering paint schemes about 1942. I havent had much time to do any looking yet but any info would be helpful. Thanks Josh Mayne -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9) From: Craig R Bennett Subject: SS John W.Brown Does any one know how the SS John W.Brown a liberty ship was operated as a high school in the New York City public school system. I do know it was part of program for training high school students interested in the Merchant Marine as a career. Did they convert the actual ship to a school or keep it as a freighter for training ship duties with a short cruise to test students. I do know it was operated by the NYC school system from 1946 to 1984. Any one know? Craig -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10) From: doug brown Subject: Re: Atlantis kit? >> Does anyone know of a kit of the Atlantis? << There was an Atlantis from Aurora circa 1960, and it shows up occasionally on eBay (at fairly high prices) and on some 'collectibles' sites. Doug >> From Rajendra's Ship Kit Reviews: "Atlantis (DKM Raider 16) {710} [1/410] (Mod) GOOD/EXCELLENT; Good by even today's standards, Excellent for her era. Admittedly, by today's standards, AURORA's kit of ATLANTIS suffers from an overall lack of detail now available in kits, but the uniqueness of the subject, the detail that the kit does afford, and the relative ease that this kit lends to super-detailing, in my opinion far outweigh its liabilities. AURORA's kit of ATLANTIS is a classic, and whether you choose to build her, or simply admire this kit as a reminder of plastic modeling's infancy, this kit deserves an important place amongst the truly classic kits of all time. (JR)" << -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11) From: ALROSS2@aol.com Subject: Re: Atlantis kit? >> Does anyone know of a kit of the Atlantis? << Aurora made a plastic kit of the ATLANTIS in the early 1960s. It was typical AURORA - basic detail, thick plastic, etc. On occasion, you will see one offered on eBay or through a dealer who specializes in out of production kits. Usually, they sell for several hundred dollars US. Al Ross -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12) From: "J. London" Subject: Re: RN Submarine Losses in the Pacific Campaign Most RN subs that served in the East operated around the Malay Peninsula and not in the Pacific. Subs that are identified in various references as having served in that theatre are Stratagem, sunk 22 Nov 1944; Terrapin, damaged by Japanese depth charges on 19 May 1945 and never repaired; and Porpoise which was lost with all hands in the Malacca Straits in January 1945. I knew her CO, Lt-Cdr Hugh Turner, and his family was not given much info at the time but later, when Japanese records became available, it appeared that she was sunk by aircraft on 16 Jan 1945 making her the last British submarine to be lost by direct enemy action in WW 2. Michael London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13) From: "J. London" Subject: Re: Dreadnought Colours The Dreadnought was painted in dark grey (nearest match HUMBROL #29) livery with a black waterline to start with. There are pictures of her in light grey, probably for service in Mediterranean, prior to WW 1, and she would have been painted light grey for operations on the North Sea during the war. British warships changed from dark to light grey when it was realized that dark colours showed up too well in the misty conditions so frequently found in those waters. I believe the lower hull was red. The black waterline preceded the introduction of oil fuel and was to mask the dirt that tended to accumulate on the hull while in harbour due to surface scum. Micharl London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14) From: drwells@hogpb.mt.att.com (David R Wells) Subject: GERMAN RAIDER ATLANTIS "DUCKMAN" wrote: >> Does anyone know of a kit of the Atlantis? << The only one I know of is the old Aurora kit, (Kit #710) and I would think it would be very hard to find. There's a review of it on Rajen's List. http://www.quuxuum.org/rajens_list/shiprevs.html HP models supposedly has one as well, but I don't know how to get in touch with them. David R. Wells "There seems to be something wrong | David R. Wells with our bloody ships today" | AT&T Middletown, NJ Adm. D. Beatty, May 31, 1916 | http://home.att.net/~WellsBrothers/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15) From: "Ramires, Filipe C" Subject: Re: Atlantis model I would KILL for just one of those... Filipe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16) From: Mike Settle Subject: Re: GERMAN RAIDER ATLANTIS >> Does anyone know of a kit of the Atlantis? << Aurora did a box scale Atlantis sometime in the '60s. If you are lucky enough to find one, they are usually expensive. Mike Settle I am not agent #1908 of the non-existent Lumber Cartel (tinlc)tm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17) From: "Fredrycca Cerussi-Muntz" Subject: HMS Dreadnought- What color art thou? I am also building Steel Navy's Dreadnought and equally I am wondering about the color scheme. Unfortunately I have been unable to get any books on the Dreadnought yet, but I have orderd Sambrooks plans from WEM which I hope to receive shortly. The only contribution I can present at this time is the following. The function of boottop is to have a paint at the "design" waterline which is better resistant to mechanical damage than antifouling or the topside paint, and which does not show dirt. Also, antifouling is a paint that deteriorates /loses its anti fouling capability if exposed too long to the air, so you want it to be immersed most of the time. Usually the lowest line of the boottop corresponds with the vessel in light condition, i.e. minimal bunkers, provisions, ammo etc. The top line of the boottop corresponds to the deepest waterline, i.e. the vessel loaded to its maximum. The "design" draught usually lies in between the two. Jan Muntz -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18) From: Texxn5@aol.com Subject: Detail & Scale USS Enterprise CVN 65 Would Duane Fowler please contact me offlist in reference to a Detail & Scale on USS Enterprise CVN 65. Someone was looking for a Detail & Scale of the JFK a few weeks ago. There is one available on Ebay and it has not been bid on. I know that somewher in the archives is info concerning the Enterprise by Tamiya in 1:350. for some time I was not interested in her, but now I have one and have become real interested. Could someone reference a good article with pictures that has been written about constructing this model. I know that there was mention of an alternative air wing available that was of the Viet Nam era (F4's; RA5's; E6's etc.) Who sells this? Also who has the best PE available. I would welcome any help, and sorry to rehash something that has approached "overkill". At one time about 10 years ago there was a company called "Dynamic Models" which had Brown Water Navy boats available in 3/4" scale ie. PCF Swifts; Monitors; PBR's etc. These were for R/C, and with good plans and semi kits, hulls, and hardware. I think they have gone out of business, but possibly someone knows how to get a hold of them. would appreciate any help here also. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19) From: "M & R Brown" Subject: Paul Webb's drawings >> Do you know if anyone now handles the Webb range of ship drawings? Used to be an Aussie and had a set for HMAS Albatross that I would like to get...but apparently out of business. Any help appreciated. << Webb's drawings are a bit like hens teeth these days. I have a couple but none of Albatross. He used to operate out of Williamstown, Victoria. Rumour has it that an American collector grabbed the rights to them. However, Floating Drydock lists plans for HMAS Macquarie & Condamine which look like they could be his. May be they can help. He used to produce in Oz other people's plans too. There is one of Victoria or was it Camperdown drawn by John Roberts out under his name. Anyone know how to contact John Roberts? He did some lovely plans in magazines such as Warship etc., but they don't seem to be commercially available. I tried writing to Conway about him but they don't bother to reply. Michael Brown -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20) From: Sanartjam@aol.com Subject: Re: Anyone seen these new books? Hi SMML, I was wondering if anyone had seen the following new books, which have been mentioned recently in some booklists I've received: Warship 2000-2001 British Warships of World War II by John Roberts Churchill's Anchor by Broadhurst (a biography of Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, and the first one ever, as far as I know). I'd be interested in knowing what people think of these books. Thanks, Art Nicholson -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21) From: "Millen, Alan R." Subject: Re: Brass monkeys I had always heard that the brass monkey was a set of parallel bars mounted to the bulwarks, on which sat the iron cannon balls for instant use. As the bars shrank from the cold, they would decrease in diameter, the inner, bearing surfaces drawing farther apart. The cannon balls also got smaller, finally dropping through the widening gap. The differing shrinkage rate would have no bearing in this case. Alan R. Millen -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22) From: "Michael J. D'Silva" Subject: HMS Dreadnought's Colour Scheme Hi Steve, For an excellent build-up review on Steel Navy's HMS Dreadnought, check out Steven Backer's build report at: http://warship.simplenet.com/SNDreadnought.htm If required, furthur information can be obtained from Rob Mackie or Dave Runkle. Their e-mail addresses are available on the Steel Navy (ex Warship) site: www.steelnavy.com Dave Runkle did send me the Dreadnought colour scheme but unfortunately, I seem to have misplaced it. I was going to contact Dave to request the information again, but if you find out, perhaps you'd be so kind as to post it on the SMML. Thanks, Michael D'Silva Melbourne, Australia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23) From: "Michael J. D'Silva" Subject: Look what I got! Although not a Christmas gift, I felt I still had to share this with the mailing list. For my birthday, late November 2000, my wife organised a gift voucher from White Ensign Models. What makes this gift so unique and special, apart from the fact that it was totally unexpected, is that it is the very first gift voucher issued by WEM. It even bears the words '001 issued to Michael D'Silva' on it. At first, I was so taken aback, that I thought it was a joke. Anyway, I have since spent the voucher on a WEM 1/700 HMS Chester 1916 and some PE fittings I needed for other models in my collection. My Christmas gift, although not modelling related, was 'out of this world' nonetheless - The Alien 20th Anniversary Special Edition Boxed Set. Michael D'Silva Melbourne, Australia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24) From: SteveWiper@aol.com Subject: Re: shotguns >> UMPHHHH, no self respecting gamekeeper would be caught dead in a pickup ;-)) << Very few of us Americans are "Game Keepers", thats what shotguns are for. A lot of us have pick up trucks to haul all kinds of stuff, kin folk, and what not, but we mostly haul ass! Yee Haa! Missy grab the youngen's, we's go'in fur a "Road Kill Picanic" Steve Wiper -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25) From: "Richard Baker" Subject: more books has anyone thumbed through or brought warships of the British navy, HMS Warspite by Iain Ballantyne. it sounds good from the write up, but then it would. cheers Richard Baker www.resolution..ic24.net -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26) From: "leigh crutchley" Subject: HMAS Sydney Colours Hi there Anyone have ideas on the humbrol colours for the WW II HMAS Sydney. The pictures I have seen show two patterns, one is a straight light grey while the other appears to be a mix of light and dark grey. Appreciate assistance on this one. Regards Leigh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27) From: GeoffandMarg3@aol.com Subject: HMS Dreadnought - What colour art thou? Steve, One of the many problems with trying to deduce colours from Black and white photos taken at the turn of the century and probably up to the late 1930s is that all photography in those day was done with Orthochromatic film, this was only really sensitive to light at the blue end of the spectrum. This explains the very dark lips of old film stars on B and W films, and also the use of red dark room lights, modern black and white film is panchromatic. The result of this is that anything red will show up on a photo as black, I will leave the more knowledgable members to discuss the colours of anti fouling at this time, but if it was dark red it would show up as black, the same as the boot topping. Regards Geoff Hanson -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28) From: "michael thrupp" Subject: Re: Kit of Hilfskreuzer ATLANTIS AFAIK, there maybe only 2 kits of the Atlantis. One is the 50's/60's vintage Aurora 1:600? scale plastic kit (a good source of scrap and stretched sprue) and the other (possibly) a 1:100 scale kit, which about 3-4 years ago I was told by UK expert modeller John R. Haynes of Fine Ship Models was shortly (sic.) to be released via Ted Radstock (who advertises in UK mag 'Marine Modelling'). John said it would be a semi-kit with hull and fittings available, supplied by him. I have not seen the kit - but only rarely buy Marine Modelling so don't know whether it went ahead. If it did, I would imagine it is/was/would be a good model. I had previousl tried to obtain a set of plans for the Atlantis from the Bondesarchiv in Freiburg but without success - I presume that the plans were either destroyed or looted- I think I first tried the Greenwich Maritime Museum before the Bundesarchiv. John generously supplied me with a set of his plans (I don't know his source). IMO they look very good, but then again have only seen only one photograph of Atlantis disguised as MV Tamesis. I have asked Revell Germany a couple of times if they would consider producing a 1:350 / 1:400 scale kit of the Atlantis but nothing doing (perhaps if WE all asked, also throwing in a request for a 1:350 scale 1916 H.M.S. Warspite, they might get off their butts...... ). Wilhelmschlaven? Card Models do a nice 1:250 scale card kit of the Hilfskruezer STIER if you like that sort of thing. HTH Mike Thrupp PS: Just remembered - being once/still desparate to model ATLANTIS, I have considered using the hull of the Revell kit of the USS MONTROSE and parts of the Revell kit of the USS BURLEIGH plus other spares and scratch builds to kit- bash something that looked more like the ATLANTIS than the Aurora kit - but other commitments e.g. wife and 2 sons and correcting the Heller kit of the GRAF SPEE ( wildly wrong superstructure, inaccurate bridge tower, lousy gun barrels ), and laziness has so far stopped me. Perhaps WE all can ask/beg WEM or James of NAUTILUS MODELS to MAKE THE ATLANTIS!! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRADERS, ANNOUNCEMENTS & NOTICEBOARD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) From: "John E. Fail" Subject: Items For Sale I am moving to smaller quarters later this year and need to sell off some of my model stuff. Please contact me off list (jfail@frontier.net) if you are interested in anything. I can only ship to U.S.A. Addresses: Book, "Forgotten Fleet, the mothball Navy" by Daniel Madsen, Published by USNI. 239 pages, Brand new with dust cover. $20.00. Buyer pays shipping Book, "The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Fourteenth Edition" By Norman Polmar, excellent condition with dust cover. Best offer. Buyer Pays shipping. Book, "Battleships of the U.S. Navy in World War II" by Stefan Terzibaschitsch, Bonanza books. 191 pages 115 detailed drawings by Siegfried Beyer and 148 Photographs. excellent condition but no dust cover. Best offer. Buyer pays shipping. Magazine, "Model Ship Builder", 30 issues; 66, 84-85, 88-90, 92-94, 97-99, 101-107, 109, 111, 113-121. All in excellent condition, $60.00 for all. Sell as complete set only. Buyer pays shipping. Estimated UPS shipping $15.00 Model, "USS BURTON ISLAND" Icebreaker by Advent. Perfect original condition, unbuilt and complete in original box. Parts are not sealed in plastic bags however all parts appear to be attached to sprues and complete. Best Offer. Buyer pays shipping. This model was released by Revell in about 1960. Model, 'USCGC TANEY", by Revell. Brand new in original box all parts still in sealed plastic bags. Best offer.Buyer pays shipping. My best to all. John Fail QMC, USCG (Retired) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From: Sanartjam@aol.com Subject: eBay auction: Old Friends, New Enemies Hi, In case anyone is interested, I have listed both volumes of "Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy" on eBay, with the auctions to end this Sunday, January 21, at about 1900 PST. You can find them by searching for "old friends new enemies." The first volume was written by the legendary naval historian Arthur Marder, and the second by Marder (published after his death), Mark Jacobsen, and John Horsfield. Art Nicholson -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) From: "J. Ed Low" Subject: High resolution poster of Japanese destroyer for sale In response to a request for a high resolution rendering of my 3-D digital model of the Akizuki Class destroyer Fuyutsuki, I have made a poster of this ship. The statistics associated with the generation of this model and poster are as follows: * Digital model has 460,662 vertices and 312,433 polygons * Size of digital model file is 30.8 Mb. * Time required to build model by author - 14 months. * Image for poster was rendered at a resolution of 6,400 by 4,800 pixels. * Size of image file for poster is 87.9 Mb. * Poster is printed on A3 size paper (11.7"x16.5" or 297mm x 420 mm). * Paper is Professional media - Premium glossy photo paper. * Poster printed at a resolution of 1,440 by 720 dpi. * Posters are signed and dated by author. If you are interested in obtaining a copy of this poster, please visit URL: http://www.ijn.dreamhost.com/Poster/Poster.htm for additional information. Thanks Ed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Check out the SMML site for the List Rules, Backissues, Member's models & reference pictures at: http://www.smml.org.uk Check out the APMA site for an index of ship articles in the Reference section at: http://www.tac.com.au/~sljenkins/apma.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- End of Volume